Implementation of Real-Time Hardware in the Loop Simulation for WAVE Instrument Avionics

The Regolith and Environment Science and Oxygen and Lunar Volatile Extraction (RESOLVE) payload will lead the Resource Prospector rover to hydrogen-rich locations on the moon supporting NASA's in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) mission. The Water Analysis and Volatile Extraction (WAVE) system will be responsible for heating up regolith samples and analyzing their volatiles in a vaporized state. Given the space environment, testing flight hardware and software using the scientific instruments can be costly and time consuming, which can hold back progress involving the instruments. A hardware-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation will test the Avionics Data Acquisition as well as the Instrument Interface Unit, through simulating sensors and actuators involved in supporting the WAVE instruments. HITL is a platform for testing and developing WAVE's avionics and software, where the simulation plant will imitate the LAVA and OVEN instruments, thus allowing for an accessible, efficient, and replicable testing environment

Recent advances in photothermal therapies against cancer and the role of membrane transporter modulators on the efficacy of this approach

Recently, much research is focused on the use of Photothermal therapy (PTT) as an advanced method to treat various types of cancer. The PTT approach primarily utilises nanoparticles (NPs) made from metals, carbon or semiconductors that can convert near-infrared laser irradiation, which penetrates tissues, into local heat that induces cancer cell death. An alternative approach is to utilise NPs (such as liposomes) to carry suitable dye molecules to the same end. Numerous studies concerning PTT have shown that local heat released in cancer cells may suppress the expression of membrane transporter proteins such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), thus enhancing cytotoxicity and reverse multidrug resistance. In addition, because NPs may be loaded with different substances, researchers have designed multifunctional NPs for PTT by including several agents such as membrane transporter modulators, anticancer drugs, and photothermal agent. This review will focus on the recent advances in PTT utilising various types of NPs, and their components and characteristics. In addition, the role of membrane transporters in PTT will be highlighted and different methods of transporter modulation will be summarised from several PTT studies in which multifunctional NPs were used to treat cancers in vitro and in vivo